PDF Ebook , by Francis Fukuyama
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, by Francis Fukuyama
PDF Ebook , by Francis Fukuyama
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Product details
File Size: 2466 KB
Print Length: 620 pages
Publisher: Farrar, Straus and Giroux (April 12, 2011)
Publication Date: April 12, 2011
Sold by: Macmillan
Language: English
ASIN: B00457X7VI
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An ambitious work by a scholar who has aroused controversy with "big picture" analyses. This is the first of a projected two volume set. In brief, here is the purpose of this volume (Page xiii): "Hence, the current book, which looks at the historical origins of political institutions as well as the process of political decay. This is the first of two volumes, and it deals with political development from prehuman times up to roughly the eve of the French and American revolutions."The story begins with humankind's primate ancestors and traces the development of political society from there. The discussion of this early heritage is somewhat brief, and there is a fairly rich literature "out there" that could have been tapped to flesh the story out. Still, it is encouraging to see a scholar of Fukuyama's status acknowledging the value of studying human forebears. The story goes from early hominid ancestors to hunters-gatherers, simple human societies. Fukuyama notes the development of more complex societies, the dynamic for this, and the implications for political development.Then, state building. How do we move from early ancestors to simple societies to more complex but still rather small scale societies to the state?Fukuyama explores different pathways to development by comparing a variety of stat building contexts. Among early states studied? China, India, the Islamic state. Then, a discussion of the rule of law and the development of some semblance of "accountable government."The final section draws lessons from the exploration of processes of development and decay.First, this is a thought provoking work and forces one to address some important issues in political development. Second, some of the analysis is rather underdeveloped, such as the consideration of human ancestors. Third, I sense that the discussion of early political development is also a bit underdeveloped. However, fourth, when he gets to the case studies of state building, I think that he produces some interesting comparative analysis that elucidates the process.
I have just finished reading The Origins of Political Order by Francis Fukuyama. This is the first of two books which covers the history of building of the state. The second book was recommended to me by one of my former students and I thank him for doing this. Finding that he was recommending the second book, I decided to read the first book first. After reading the first book, I am looking forward to the second book which I own but haven't read yet.I am convinced by Dr. Fukuyama's arguments that good modern governments need the rule of law, accountability to its citizens and a strong state to be successful.If a citizen is serious about their country, they should know why it is the way it is, why it it is legitimate (or illegitimate,) and the possible modes of decay. Dr. Fukuyama has presented several models based on history and philosophy. His arguments are convincing.The future is not necessarily hopeful. As he adequately expresses, "The United States seems increasingly caught in a dysfunctional political equilibrium, wherein everyone agrees on the necessity of addressing long-term fiscal issues, but powerful interest groups can block the spending cuts or tax increases necessary to close the gap."As a Conservative, I see that this is a correct analysis of the situation we find ourselves in today. Dr. Fukuyama shows that extreme conservatism (extreme by my standards of conservatism) results in institutions that can no longer adequately function. He credits this more than any other factor as the reason why states fail. And I think he is right: people receiving the benefits of an institution prevent it from being changed.Furthermore, these institutions grow and require more and more resources (read TAXES,) eventually these institutions grow so big and are so dysfunctional, they kill the state that created them. Furthermore, the interests of the particular institutions grow so dependent on the institutions that they will protect these institutions even if it it means neglecting the protection of the overall state. This has happened in both Hungary and France.This is not the Conservatism espoused Buckley and Hayek, but is a form of conservatism that is known by other names. Dr. Fukuyama has been referred to as a neoconservative by others in his outlook but, he, himself disputes this. The reader of this book needs to understand this. When conservatism is a maintenance of institutions that have lost their ability to efficiently serve the purposes that they were created for, then it is necessarily wrong and does not in general represent modern Conservatism. I regret that Dr. Fukuyama used this term as it will confuse those who can not distinguish the difference. Unfortunately, many will read this book and improperly infer the wrong conclusion.However, Dr. Fukuyama's analysis of history and the formation of of the political states rings with truth. His thesis is largely that an effective modern government needs a balance between the rule of law, accountability, external family/tribal social mobilization and a strong state.He dismisses Marx and Hobbes for assuming facts not in in evidence. Dr. Fukuyama fundamentally believes that man is a social animal and has never lived without a social structure of man's own making. First that social structure was family and then it developed into a tribe as being more efficient to meet man's needs. As the need for defense from other tribes grew, it required state-like organizations to survive. As man became increasingly agrarian, the efficiency of food supply offered by farming required property rights that needed protection. The development of religion influenced what people thought about laws, morals and legitimacy. Ultimately, it affected how states formed.This was not a linear process as Marx professed but a process where cultures differed and where reversion to earlier conditions often occurred. In many cases the conditions for a modern state did not exist until late. In some cases, it is still developing. The natural state of man favored family so often early development of states reverted back to patrimonialism. And where modern states did develop, the paths were variable depending on the geography including religion and history of the region.But states that succeeded overcame this through various supporting mechanisms including religious supports, legal supports and the involvement of nonruling classes in government have come to some successful institutions that have endured. There were very different ways of achieving a modern government. He only touches briefly on recent developments. This he is reserving for the second book. But he has built a great foundation for further discussion.In general I agree with Dr. Fukuyama and look forward to reading the second book.
“The Origins of Political Order†is the first book in a two-part series by Fukuyama about the rise of the state. This book begins in pre-human times in the “state of nature†and uses biological and anthropological insights to explain the beginnings of political development. Fukuyama shows how the band evolves into the tribe, which becomes the chiefdom and then the state; at the same time, religion evolves from shamanism to ancestor worship, polytheism and monotheism, with increasing complexity and stratification to reflect the underlying changing political order. With regard to Europe, Fukuyama traces the different directions taken by England, Hungary, France, Spain and Russia in the development of the state, rule of law and accountable government. There are also chapters on China, India and the Ottoman state, which can be read or omitted based on the reader’s interests.The first volume ends with the American and French revolutions. The second volume, which I have not yet read, promises to describe political development subsequent to the Industrial Revolution. “The Origins of Political Order†is suitable for a general reader who has a solid grasp of Western history, but I do stress that one must already know their history. For me, it was a pleasure to read and I found it very insightful. I enjoyed the multidisciplinary approach and the quality of the writing. The book is very helpful in thinking critically about how and why the political institutions of the West developed as they did.
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